Risk factors: Smoking increases the risk of almost every type of cancer. Other risk factors for adenocarcinoma vary by organ site. Age, race, family history, medication use, and lifestyle factors such as diet have been implicated in certain forms of adenocarcinoma.
Etiology and the disease process: Etiology of and the disease process for adenocarcinoma vary with the organ involved.
Incidence: Incidence of adenocarcinoma varies by type. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung, pancreatic, prostate, and stomach cancer, as reported by the American Cancer Society in 2014.
Symptoms: Symptoms of adenocarcinoma vary by type. Small adenocarcinomas may produce only mild symptoms that go undetected. Large adenocarcinomas produce more noticeable symptoms that vary with the site of involvement. The first signs of adenocarcinoma may be a noticeable lump and pain or discomfort.
Screening and diagnosis: Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma begins with a medical history and physical examination. Lumps are commonly biopsied, and specialized imaging techniques, such as x-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are used to determine the extent of the disease (staging). Staging of adenocarcinoma varies by type.
Treatment and therapy: Specific treatment protocols vary by adenocarcinoma type and other factors, such as overall patient health and extent of the disease.
Conventional treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Early-stage, localized disease may be treated by surgery alone (surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) or surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Advanced adenocarcinoma has no cure.
Emerging treatments for adenocarcinoma include hormone therapy and stem cell transplantation.
Prognosis, prevention, and outcomes: Without treatment, adenocarcinoma is fatal. Routine physical examinations and avoidance of risk factors, such as smoking, are keys to early detection and prevention.
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Almeida, Craig A., and Sheila A. Barry. Cancer: Basic Science and Clinical Aspects. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Print.
Panno, Joseph. Cancer: The Role of Genes, Lifestyle, and Environment. New York: Facts On File, 2005. Print.
Peterson, Elizabeth. "Types of Cancer." Health Library. EBSCO, Sept. 2013. Web. 20 Aug. 2014.
"What Is Cancer?" Cancer.gov. Natl. Cancer Inst., Natl. Inst. of Health, 7 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Aug. 2014.
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