What is help-seeking behavior? |

Introduction

According to a 2012 survey conducted by several national health and mental health organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Attitudes Toward Mental Illness: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System), over 26 percent of US adults in any given year have a diagnosable or self-reported mental disorder, while only 20 percent of those individuals receive treatment from mental health services. In other words, there are many with a diagnosable mental disorder who do not receive treatment for the disorder.

Help-seeking provides a critical step between the onset of mental health problems and the provision of help. Help-seeking is viewed as the contact between individuals and health care providers prompted by the effected person’s efforts and his or her family and loved ones. Help-seeking has been defined as behavior that is designed to elicit assistance from others in response to a physical or emotional problem. There are three dimensions to help-seeking behavior, which include whether a person decides to seek help, at what time the person seeks help (delayed or prematurely), and the appropriateness of the help-seeking behavior. Societal attitudes and belief systems that are prevalent in any given group have a major impact on help-seeking behavior. Understanding patterns of when and why people seek help is fundamental to devising effective responses.

Evolving
attitudes concerning mental illness have been monitored by nationally representative surveys since the 1950s to study how people cope with and seek treatment for mental illness if they become symptomatic. The 2012 CDC national survey, Attitudes Toward Mental Illness, tracked levels of public perception regarding the effectiveness of mental health treatment as well as public attitudes toward mental illness (stigma). The survey concluded that while over 80 percent of responding individuals belived that treatment of mental illness was effective, just over 50 percent of respondants felt that society was sympathetic toward the mentally ill. Stigmatization of mental illness is often a reason for inaction or refusal to engage in help-seeking behavior. According to the CDC, in 2011 just 20 percent of individuals over the age of eighteen with a diagnosed mental disorder or self-reported mental health condition saw a mental health provider. Not surprisingly, individuals from US states that had a high per capita expenditure for mental health services were not only more likely to seek and receive mental health treatment, but also reported a belief that mental health treatment was effective. Stigma interferes with the willingness of many people, even those who have a serious mental illness, to seek help.

Barriers to Seeking Help

Most people with mental disorders do not seek treatment. The barriers to treatment include demographic factors, people’s attitudes toward a service system that often neglects the special needs of racial and ethnic minorities, financial factors, and organizational factors.

Demographic factors also affect help-seeking behavior. African Americans, Latinos, and poor women are less inclined than non-Latino white females to seek treatment. L. K. Sussman, L. N. Robins, and F. Earls, in a 1987 study of differences in help-seeking behavior between African American and white Americans, found that common patient attitudes deter people from seeking treatment. These attitudes include not having enough time, fear of being hospitalized, thinking that they can handle it alone, thinking that no one can help, cost of treatment, and stigma. Cost is a major factor that predisposes people against seeking treatment, even people with health insurance because of the inferior coverage of mental health as compared with health care in general. Finally, organizational barriers to help-seeking include the fragmentation of services and unavailability of services. Racial and ethnic minority groups often perceive that services offered by the existing system will not meet their needs because helpers will not taking into account their cultural and linguistic practices.

Seeking treatment is a complex process that begins with the individual or individual's support system recognizing that thinking, mood, or behaviors are unusual and severe enough to require treatment; interpreting these symptoms as a medical or mental health problem; deciding whether or not to seek help and from whom; receiving care; and evaluating whether continuation of treatment is warranted.

A number of barriers deter racial and ethnic minority groups from seeking treatment. Many members of minority groups fear or feel ill at ease with the mental health system. Minority groups also may experience the system as a product of white, European culture. Clinicians often represent a white, middle-class orientation with biases, misconceptions, and stereotypes of other cultures.

Cultural heritages may also impart patterns of beliefs and practices that impact the willingness to seek help. Mental health issues may be viewed as spiritual concerns, and a number of ethnic groups, when faced with personal problems, therefore seek guidance from religious figures.

Asian Americans are less likely than whites, African Americans, and Latinos to seek help. Amy Okamura, a professor at the School of Social Work at San Diego State University, concludes that for many Asians and Pacific Islanders, it is more culturally appropriate to go to a doctor with physical symptoms that are a manifestation of mental and emotional problems. Furthermore, Asians and Pacific Islanders may first try to change their diet or use herbal medicine, acupuncture, or the services of a healer.

Julia Mayo, chief of the Clinical Studies Department of Psychiatry at St. Vincent’s Hospital and Medical Center in New York, has found that often
African Americans wait until they are in crisis and then go to emergency rooms for treatment rather than approach a white therapist. The practice of using the emergency room for routine care is generally attributed to lack of insurance. Cost and lack of insurance have been found to be barriers to treatment in the past.

In addition, level of acculturation, as measured by language preference, has been identified as an obstacle to seeking help; that is, people who do not speak English are less able to access formal help sources. For example, Asian international students were found to indicate a significant relationship between levels of acculturation and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. The most acculturated students were most likely to have positive attitudes toward seeking professional help. Several hypotheses, most of which assume a conflict between the psychotherapy process and the values of traditional East Asian culture, are offered to explain this pattern of underutilization of mental health services. For example, attitudes and beliefs about mental illness among Asians have been identified as influencing Asians’ underutilization of psychotherapy. Examples of these attitudes and beliefs include the belief that seeking outside help for psychological problems will bring shame on one’s family, that psychological problems are the result of bad thoughts and a lack of willpower, and that one must resolve problems of this type on one’s own.

Help-Seeking Patterns and Models

A number of factors seem to contribute to a person’s willingness to seek help, including age, gender, availability of social support, expectations about help-seeking outcome, self-concealment tendencies, fear of psychological treatment, and type of psychological problem. Adults ask for help less often for intimate problems, for problems that are perceived as stigmatizing, and for problems that reflect personal inadequacy. Help is sought more often for problems that are regarded as serious and when the cause of the problem is attributed to external causes. Help-seeking increases with age, and women have been found to seek help more often than men. Understanding patterns of help-seeking aids professionals in devising effective interventions for people in need.

Generally, people seek help based on the problem factors, such as the perceived normality of the problem, the perceived preventability of the problem, and the perceived cause of the problem. The level of pain or disability associated with the problem, the seriousness of the problem, and past positive history with help-seeking all contribute to one’s decision to seek help.

Help-seeking behavior can be characterized by the following principles: The need for help arises from the help-seeker’s situation; the decision to seek help or not to seek help is affected by many factors; people tend to seek help that is most accessible; people tend first to seek help or information from interpersonal sources, especially from people like themselves; help-seekers expect emotional support; and people follow habitual patterns in seeking help. Furthermore, people will go to anonymous sources of help if the personal cost of revealing a need is too much to go to an interpersonal source.

Bibliography

Bergin, A. E., and S. L. Garfield. Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Print.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, National Institute of
Mental Health, Carter Center Mental Health Program. Attitudes Toward Mental Illness: Results from the
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Print.

Harris, Roma M., and Patricia Dewdney. Barriers to Information: How Formal Help Systems Fail Battered Women. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994. Print.

Karabenick, Stuart A. Help Seeking in Academic Settings: Goals, Groups, and Contexts. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006. Print.

Klaver, M. Nora. Mayday! Asking for Help in Times of Need. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2007. Print.

Leung, Kwok, Uichol Kim, Susumu Yamaguchi, and Yoshihisa Kashima. Progress in Asian Social Psychology. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Print.

Lynch, John. Overcoming Masculine Depression: The Pain Behind the Mask. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print.

Stangor, Charles, and Chris Crandall. Stereotyping and Prejudice. New York: Psychology Press, 2013. Print.

Torrey, E. Fuller. Out of the Shadows: Confronting America’s Mental Illness Crisis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Print.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General-Executive Summary. Rockville, Md.: Author, 1999. Print.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity—A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md.: Author, 2001.Print.

Zeidner, Moshe, and Norman S. Endler, eds. Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Print.